The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze cases of referential fuzziness that can be traced in legal texts including articles from the Civil and the Criminal Code of The Russian Federation; to classify cases of referential fuzziness and make further conclusion that can be of a particular interest to practicing lawyers.
Methods. To reach the purpose of the study the author uses the following methods of comparison and classification that work successfully within the complex approach to legal texts.
Results. Referential fuzziness is a kind of vagueness that can be basically traced on lexical level through the usage of nouns denoting time intervals, geographical objects and territories. During the research cases of referential fuzziness were examined and analyzed from the point of view of absence of individualization and incapability of separating the part and the whole. Cases of quality and quantitative classificatory fuzziness were also examined and classified.
Conclusions. It is concluded that it is generally recommended to avoid cases of referential fuzziness in legal texts for the sake of their transparency and uniformity of further interpretation.

The modern world is undergoing an active transformation and development of trade, cultural, economic and political ties between states. Practically each of these areas is regulated by a multitude of laws and regulations, which is reflected in various types of legal documents and texts. Given that participants in international relations represent different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, the need for high-quality legal translation is becoming more urgent. In the modern world, machine translation is becoming increasingly relevant, including in the legal field, taking into account the complexities of judicial language, cultural differences and the peculiarities of legal systems of states. The purpose of this article is to determine the effectiveness of various machine translation systems when working with legal texts. The focus of this work is on two types of legal texts belonging to different functional styles, which allows the authors to trace the dependence of the adequacy and equivalence of machine translation on the communicative situation. A comparative analysis of the quality of translation of two types of professional texts performed by humans and machine translation systems is carried out. The methodological basis of the study was the classification method, descriptive and comparative methods. The research results will help professional translators or ordinary users choose the highest quality machine translation service, identify and eliminate typological errors that occur when working with texts of a certain subject at the stages of pre-editing and post-editing.

In the light of the ongoing processes aimed at preserving cultural diversity and at the same time integration, the study of territorial variants of the English language within the framework of the theory of contact linguistics is of particular importance. Despite the vastness and significant number of publications devoted to the problems of territorial variants of the English language in general in African countries (South Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon), there are practically no works aimed at studying autochthonous inclusions on the material of the territorial variant of the English language of the Republic of Sierra Leone. Special attention in this article is paid to the study of the interaction of British English with local languages in the political sphere. The purpose of the work is to analyze the features of autochthonous inclusions from the Krio language in the speech of Sierra Leonean politicians. The work revealed that the linguistic interaction of British English with local languages is due to the historical past, which influenced the presence of autochthonous inclusions in the modern communicative activities of civil servants. According to the results of the study, during the pre-election period, politicians actively use autochthonous inclusions that create a sense of unity and mobilization; in everyday political communication, inclusions emphasize a warm and friendly tone, and in crisis situations they emphasize the need for change. It was revealed that the most frequent word wan wan (together, single) is used in 25%, and gaman (work) in 3% of situations. The use of autochthonous inclusions indicates a desire to create cultural authenticity in communication. The results obtained contribute to the development of the theory of contact linguistics, African studies, as well as the theory of language.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the features of some military essays from different historical eras. The paper touches upon the issue of distinguishing the types of essay, examines the different views of researchers on the classification of this genre. The article analyzes the essays of N.P. Sokolsky, A.P. Gaidar, K.M. Simonov and A. Matyushin.
Methods. Comparative and descriptive methods were used to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study.
The results research has shown that the essay as a genre was and still is popular among writers and journalists. Its features allow the authors to depict the events and people they saw with the greatest reliability. There is no consensus among scientists about the classification of essays. The article discusses various approaches to this issue. The military essay as a genre in Russian literature took shape back in the 19th century, when it became necessary to depict the events of the Crimean War. N.P. Sokolsky's essays became the starting point in the development of the genre. The author depicted in his works authentic events, which he witnessed himself, as well as a soldier. This article analyzes the essay "The story of the sailor Anton Maistrenko". During the Great Patriotic War, the essay gained the greatest popularity: it not only depicted events and people, but also helped to create an image of a hated enemy. The article analyzes the essay by A.P. Gaidar "The Bridge" and K.M. Simonov "Off the coast of Romania". The similarities and differences of these works with Sokolsky's essay are revealed. The article notes that modern correspondents also turn to the genre of the essay, in which they show in detail the military events they saw. To do this, the work analyzed the "Essays of trench warfare" by A. Matyushini, a participant in the SVO. The analysis revealed that the traditions laid down by N.P. Sokolsky are reflected in the essays of his followers: A.P. Gaidar, K.M. Simonov and A. Matyushin. At the same time, each of these works differs in its own characteristics: Gaidar and Simonov strive for a dynamic depiction of the painting, clearly convey sudden and brutal war paintings. The modern author Matyushin adds lyricism and philosophical reflections to his essays.

The influence of musical lyrics on individual perception and society is under scrutiny. The potential of musical discourse as a means of manipulation is demonstrated. Several popular songs in English are analyzed in aspect of impact and back reaction. The discourse analysis, the interpretation analysis, the deconstruction method are used. Among widespread manipulative practices in musical discourse we reveal the usage of following 6 types: emotives, emphatic and metaphoric expressions; allusions, ambiguity, implicatures and presuppositions; social identification; gender, political, ideological provocation; construction of sensational characters or challenging situation; repetitive patterns. The authors proved that song lyrics can effectively influence the addressee by musical style, genre, instrument, speed, intonation, words, phrases, and imagery selection. Using different discursive and cognitive means singers can create necessary moods that develop pre-planned ideological positions and can push to certain action. It is concluded that manipulation in songs is a powerful tool for propaganda and advocacy of implanting ideas, remaining unnoticed by the average addressee. Therefore, it is important for music consumers to be critical when listening to songs to understand the messages been conveyed. The lyrics and underlying messages in music can have a powerful impact on our emotions, thoughts and beliefs. Thus the defense actions from manipulative verbal and nonverbal influence should be popularized for the information security of society.

The relevance of the research is determined by the requirements for improving the quality of training of IT specialists within the framework of the implementation of the national project «Personnel». The successful implementation of the national project is based on an integrated approach to the qualitative transformation of the higher education system, including the introduction of innovative teaching methods.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the advantages and develop methods for preparing and conducting a lecture-conference, as well as to study the factors contributing to the successful implementation of an interactive lecture in the educational process in the training of IT specialists.
Methods. The following methods are used: study and analysis of theoretical and methodological literature on the research topic; methodological design; observation, questioning, expert assessment.
Results. During the research, the advantages of the lecture-conference were identified, a methodology was developed that includes both general and specific goals of the lecture-conference, the content of the training, as well as the educational material itself and the technological process covering the organization of educational activities, the methods and forms of work used by both students and teachers, including management the processes of preparation, presentation and assimilation of the material, diagnosis of the results of the educational process. The analysis of the factors contributing to the successful implementation of an interactive lecture in the educational process is carried out. This made it possible to identify both the opportunities and potential difficulties that teachers may face when implementing this class format. Based on the results obtained, the practice of using this technique in the preparation of bachelors of engineering and technical profile was implemented.
Conclusion. The educational effect of an interactive lecture-conference is achieved due to the ability to combine the advantages of a traditional lecture and interactive forms of learning, which allows for a deeper understanding of the educational material due to its informative content, and to make the academic discipline more accessible to various categories of students. The lecture-conference allows you to systematically present theoretical knowledge, stimulates critical thinking, promotes the development of communication skills and the ability to work in a team. The educational effect of the lecture-conference is also manifested in its ability to stimulate interest in the subject, motivate students to study the material independently and develop a range of competencies.

Modern research shows that the professional competence of teachers also includes a lot of criteria, including: the ability to work in a team, interact with colleagues and parents, and use modern technologies in the educational process. This becomes especially relevant in the context of constant changes in the specifics of education, when teachers are faced with the need to integrate new technologies into the educational process. In addition, in the context of globalization and intercultural interaction, teachers also need to develop intercultural competence. This term can be understood as respect for cultural differences, which allows you to create a fairly comfortable educational environment where each student feels calm and protected. Teachers must be ready to work with multinational and multicultural classes, which requires from them not only knowledge, but also flexibility in approaches to teaching.
The purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of communicative competence of a teaching staff.
Thanks to the psychological experiment, the concept, content, essence and components of communicative competence of teaching staff were given; The communicative competence of teachers is considered as a leading component of professional competence in general; the results of psychological diagnostics of communicative competence of teaching staff are analyzed.
The following methods were used in the study: the questionnaire "Diagnostics of styles of pedagogical communication" (N.P. Fetiskin), the questionnaire «What type of communication skills do you have?» (A.P. Panfilova), the technique «Diagnostics of the presence of empathy, tolerance, conflict in a teacher» (V.V. Boyko, I.M. Yusupov), the questionnaire «Assessment of communication skills» (A. Mekhrabien). In the study, various methods of analyzing the information obtained were used, including qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Relevance. One of the reasons for occupational injuries among workers is their own unsafe behavior when performing work due to the lack of a stable attitude towards safe work. It is advisable to use propaganda methods to form a stable positive attitude towards occupational safety issues among employees.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the place and role of the information aspect of labor protection propaganda for the psychological impact on workers and the formation of their stable attitude to safe work.
The tasks follow from the research topic and consist in revealing the relevance of the problem, the essence of the informational aspect of propaganda and the mechanism of psychological influence on the behavioral attitudes of recipients, the possibilities of modern information resources and platforms for the implementation of informational and educational functions of propaganda in order to form a stable behavioral attitude among employees to comply with labor protection requirements.
The research methodology includes analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization.
Results. For the practical implementation of the informational and educational functions of propaganda, the main modern forms of communication are proposed, which make it possible to convey to employees information about workplace risks and methods of their prevention, and contribute to the formation of a stable attitude towards compliance with labor protection requirements.
Conclusions. The information aspect of labor protection promotion is an effective tool for forming a stable positive attitude towards labor protection issues among employees. Organizations need to move from a formal approach to improving security based on simple notifications and briefings to a deeper and more comprehensive impact using informational propaganda contexts. In order for occupational safety and health promotion to be effective, it must be a continuous process, use various forms of communication, and the information aspect must correspond to the specifics of production and the target audience.

The article examines the relevance of the issue of psychological security of the individual in the context of modern man-made and natural disasters, social changes and increased information flows. It is emphasized that psychological safety is becoming an independent direction in scientific research, especially in the context of the educational environment. The authors analyze the need for security as a factor contributing to the preservation of an individual's psychological integrity and his adaptation to the surrounding reality.
The study is devoted to the identification of psychological safety in the educational environment of a higher educational institution, taking into account the influence of various factors on the mental state of students. Research methods and materials are described, including techniques for self-assessment, anxiety levels, and stress tolerance. The results obtained from a sample of 23 students show that the majority of participants have normal self-esteem and a satisfactory level of stress tolerance, which indicates a positive adaptive trend.
The article focuses on the importance of creating a psychologically safe educational environment that promotes personal growth and development of all participants in the process. In conclusion, the need for further study of psychological safety in the educational field and identification of potential risks is emphasized, which will help improve the conditions of study and interaction in universities.

Purpose. In the context of modern reality, the problem of the emergence and manifestation of anxiety in preschool children, as a relatively stable emotional state, is becoming increasingly relevant. During the special military operation, a number of border regions of the country live in the conditions of the declared regime of counter-terrorism operation and emergency. The situation in the border regions is characterized by tension and instability, which causes an increase in situations and factors that contribute to the emergence and intensification of anxiety in various categories of the population.
Purpose of the study: to identify the features of anxiety in preschoolers living in the border region.
The study also analyzes the relationship between anxiety levels and such important psychosocial phenomena as self-esteem and communication skills of the child.
Methods. The following methods were used in the study: testing, observation, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research results, and the following techniques were applied: 1. "Anxiety test" (R. Tamml, M. Dorki, V. Amen, as modified by M. A. Panfilova); 2. "What am I?" technique (O. S. Bogdanova); 3. Observation map of manifestations of communication skills in preschoolers (A.M. Shchetinina, M.A. Nikiforova).
Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS 23 statistical package, using the rank correlation coefficient of Ch. Spearman.
Results. During the study, it was found that more than half of the respondents have an average level of anxiety index, and 45% of the subjects were diagnosed with a high level. In this category of children, anxiety periodically manifests itself in the form of restlessness, difficulty concentrating, obsessive thoughts or fears. The consequences of a long-term state of anxiety in preschoolers are social maladjustment, manifested in difficulties in interpersonal communication, a decrease in the ability to produce initiative, a decrease in social interests and, as a result, in the manifestation of persistent apathy, lack of initiative, and rejection of any aspirations. Chronic anxiety can lead to the formation of stable negative behavioral patterns that can be integrated into the personality structure.
Conclusion. The study of the anxiety level of preschoolers living in border areas is relevant both for establishing the nominal general emotional state of children and for predicting possible problems in the future. In our study, the emphasis was placed on manifestations of inadequate anxiety, which is a negative emotional state of the child and manifests itself as a persistent and inappropriate feeling of fear, expectation of trouble in situations associated with extreme changes or new life circumstances. High levels of anxiety correlate with low self-esteem and communication problems. However, in preschool children, anxiety is not a per

The use of psychoactive substances among the younger generation has reached a critical level in modern Russian society. The main threat of addictions is the inevitability of the spread of psychoactive substances among the youngest and most vulnerable due to the age characteristics of the development of the population group, the destruction of the human psyche, as well as the lack of protective mechanisms to protect against the effects of drugs. Currently, various institutions, including educational ones, are developing and implementing comprehensive preventive, rehabilitation and psychocorrection programs to counter the use of psychoactive substances. However, the real situation in the country shows that the existing measures are clearly not enough, often they are formal in nature and require new more effective forms of work. Higher educational institutions are no exception, where the work on the prevention of addictions is not systemic in nature, does not cover a sufficient number of students and the most popular form of addiction prevention work is psychodiagnostics and questionnaires about the spread of addictions.
To solve this problem, employees of the Department of Communicology and Psychology of Southwestern State University and the Department of Health Psychology and Neuropsychology of Kursk State Medical University systematically study the main forms of addictions among students. The analysis of the results of the latest comprehensive study made it possible to determine the main trends in changing the structure of consumption of harmful substances, as well as the socio-psychological causes of addictions of boys and girls. In the course of studying the problem, the assumption was confirmed that young people with clear life guidelines, the desire to be necessary and useful to society, are not at risk of predisposition to various kinds of addictions.